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File UNIVERSAL.pm

package UNIVERSAL;

our $VERSION = '1.13';

# UNIVERSAL should not contain any extra subs/methods beyond those
# that it exists to define. The existence of import() below is a historical
# accident that can't be fixed without breaking code.

# Make sure that even though the import method is called, it doesn't do
# anything unless called on UNIVERSAL.
sub import {
    return unless $_[0] eq __PACKAGE__;
    return unless @_ > 1;
    require Carp;
    Carp::croak("UNIVERSAL does not export anything");
}

1;
__END__

=head1 NAME

UNIVERSAL - base class for ALL classes (blessed references)

=head1 SYNOPSIS

$is_io    = $fd->isa("IO::Handle");
    $is_io    = Class->isa("IO::Handle");

$does_log = $obj->DOES("Logger");
    $does_log = Class->DOES("Logger");

$sub      = $obj->can("print");
    $sub      = Class->can("print");

$sub      = eval { $ref->can("fandango") };
    $ver      = $obj->VERSION;

# but never do this!
    $is_io    = UNIVERSAL::isa($fd, "IO::Handle");
    $sub      = UNIVERSAL::can($obj, "print");

=head1 DESCRIPTION

C<UNIVERSAL> is the base class from which all blessed references inherit.
See L<perlobj>.

C<UNIVERSAL> provides the following methods:

=over 4

=item C<< $obj->isa( TYPE ) >>

=item C<< CLASS->isa( TYPE ) >>

=item C<< eval { VAL->isa( TYPE ) } >>

Where

=over 4

=item C<TYPE>

is a package name

=item C<$obj>

is a blessed reference or a package name

=item C<CLASS>

is a package name

=item C<VAL>

is any of the above or an unblessed reference

=back

When used as an instance or class method (C<< $obj->isa( TYPE ) >>),
C<isa> returns I<true> if $obj is blessed into package C<TYPE> or
inherits from package C<TYPE>.

When used as a class method (C<< CLASS->isa( TYPE ) >>, sometimes
referred to as a static method), C<isa> returns I<true> if C<CLASS>
inherits from (or is itself) the name of the package C<TYPE> or
inherits from package C<TYPE>.

If you're not sure what you have (the C<VAL> case), wrap the method call in an
C<eval> block to catch the exception if C<VAL> is undefined.

If you want to be sure that you're calling C<isa> as a method, not a class,
check the invocand with C<blessed> from L<Scalar::Util> first:

use Scalar::Util 'blessed';

if ( blessed( $obj ) && $obj->isa("Some::Class") ) {
      ...
  }

=item C<< $obj->DOES( ROLE ) >>

=item C<< CLASS->DOES( ROLE ) >>

C<DOES> checks if the object or class performs the role C<ROLE>.  A role is a
named group of specific behavior (often methods of particular names and
signatures), similar to a class, but not necessarily a complete class by
itself.  For example, logging or serialization may be roles.

C<DOES> and C<isa> are similar, in that if either is true, you know that the
object or class on which you call the method can perform specific behavior.
However, C<DOES> is different from C<isa> in that it does not care I<how> the
invocand performs the operations, merely that it does.  (C<isa> of course
mandates an inheritance relationship.  Other relationships include aggregation,
delegation, and mocking.)

By default, classes in Perl only perform the C<UNIVERSAL> role, as well as the
role of all classes in their inheritance.  In other words, by default C<DOES>
responds identically to C<isa>.

There is a relationship between roles and classes, as each class implies the
existence of a role of the same name.  There is also a relationship between
inheritance and roles, in that a subclass that inherits from an ancestor class
implicitly performs any roles its parent performs.  Thus you can use C<DOES> in
place of C<isa> safely, as it will return true in all places where C<isa> will
return true (provided that any overridden C<DOES> I<and> C<isa> methods behave
appropriately).

=item C<< $obj->can( METHOD ) >>

=item C<< CLASS->can( METHOD ) >>

=item C<< eval { VAL->can( METHOD ) } >>

C<can> checks if the object or class has a method called C<METHOD>. If it does,
then it returns a reference to the sub.  If it does not, then it returns
I<undef>.  This includes methods inherited or imported by C<$obj>, C<CLASS>, or
C<VAL>.

C<can> cannot know whether an object will be able to provide a method through
AUTOLOAD (unless the object's class has overridden C<can> appropriately), so a
return value of I<undef> does not necessarily mean the object will not be able
to handle the method call. To get around this some module authors use a forward
declaration (see L<perlsub>) for methods they will handle via AUTOLOAD. For
such 'dummy' subs, C<can> will still return a code reference, which, when
called, will fall through to the AUTOLOAD. If no suitable AUTOLOAD is provided,
calling the coderef will cause an error.

You may call C<can> as a class (static) method or an object method.

Again, the same rule about having a valid invocand applies -- use an C<eval>
block or C<blessed> if you need to be extra paranoid.

=item C<VERSION ( [ REQUIRE ] )>

C<VERSION> will return the value of the variable C<$VERSION> in the
package the object is blessed into. If C<REQUIRE> is given then
it will do a comparison and die if the package version is not
greater than or equal to C<REQUIRE>, or if either C<$VERSION> or C<REQUIRE>
is not a "lax" version number (as defined by the L<version> module).

The return from C<VERSION> will actually be the stringified version object
using the package C<$VERSION> scalar, which is guaranteed to be equivalent
but may not be precisely the contents of the C<$VERSION> scalar.  If you want
the actual contents of C<$VERSION>, use C<$CLASS::VERSION> instead.

C<VERSION> can be called as either a class (static) method or an object
method.

=back

=head1 WARNINGS

B<NOTE:> C<can> directly uses Perl's internal code for method lookup, and
C<isa> uses a very similar method and cache-ing strategy. This may cause
strange effects if the Perl code dynamically changes @ISA in any package.

You may add other methods to the UNIVERSAL class via Perl or XS code.
You do not need to C<use UNIVERSAL> to make these methods
available to your program (and you should not do so).

=head1 EXPORTS

None.

Previous versions of this documentation suggested using C<isa> as
a function to determine the type of a reference:

$yes = UNIVERSAL::isa($h, "HASH");
  $yes = UNIVERSAL::isa("Foo", "Bar");

The problem is that this code would I<never> call an overridden C<isa> method in
any class.  Instead, use C<reftype> from L<Scalar::Util> for the first case:

use Scalar::Util 'reftype';

$yes = reftype( $h ) eq "HASH";

and the method form of C<isa> for the second:

$yes = Foo->isa("Bar");

=cut

Name	Type	Size	Permission	Last Modified	Actions
.	DIR	-	drwxr-xr-x	2025-07-29 10:57:25
..	DIR	-	drwxr-xr-x	2025-10-16 10:59:21
Attribute	DIR	-	drwxr-xr-x	2025-07-29 10:57:25
B	DIR	-	drwxr-xr-x	2025-07-29 10:57:25
CPAN	DIR	-	drwxr-xr-x	2024-03-13 04:56:46
Class	DIR	-	drwxr-xr-x	2025-07-29 10:57:25
Compress	DIR	-	drwxr-xr-x	2024-03-13 04:36:57
Config	DIR	-	drwxr-xr-x	2025-07-29 10:57:25
DBM_Filter	DIR	-	drwxr-xr-x	2025-07-29 10:57:25
Devel	DIR	-	drwxr-xr-x	2025-07-29 10:57:25
ExtUtils	DIR	-	drwxr-xr-x	2025-07-29 10:57:25
File	DIR	-	drwxr-xr-x	2025-07-29 10:57:25
Getopt	DIR	-	drwxr-xr-x	2025-07-29 10:57:25
I18N	DIR	-	drwxr-xr-x	2025-07-29 10:57:25
IO	DIR	-	drwxr-xr-x	2025-07-29 10:57:25
IPC	DIR	-	drwxr-xr-x	2025-07-29 10:57:25
Locale	DIR	-	drwxr-xr-x	2025-07-28 08:08:32
Math	DIR	-	drwxr-xr-x	2025-07-29 10:57:25
Memoize	DIR	-	drwxr-xr-x	2025-07-29 10:57:25
Module	DIR	-	drwxr-xr-x	2025-07-29 10:57:25
Net	DIR	-	drwxr-xr-x	2025-07-29 10:57:25
Pod	DIR	-	drwxr-xr-x	2025-07-29 10:57:25
Search	DIR	-	drwxr-xr-x	2025-07-29 10:57:25
Term	DIR	-	drwxr-xr-x	2025-07-29 10:57:25
Text	DIR	-	drwxr-xr-x	2025-07-29 10:57:25
Thread	DIR	-	drwxr-xr-x	2025-07-29 10:57:25
Tie	DIR	-	drwxr-xr-x	2025-07-29 10:57:25
Time	DIR	-	drwxr-xr-x	2025-07-29 10:57:25
URI	DIR	-	drwxr-xr-x	2024-03-13 04:36:40
Unicode	DIR	-	drwxr-xr-x	2025-07-29 10:57:25
User	DIR	-	drwxr-xr-x	2025-07-29 10:57:25
encoding	DIR	-	drwxr-xr-x	2025-07-29 10:57:25
overload	DIR	-	drwxr-xr-x	2025-07-29 10:57:25
pod	DIR	-	drwxr-xr-x	2025-07-29 10:57:25
unicore	DIR	-	drwxr-xr-x	2025-07-29 10:57:24
vendor_perl	DIR	-	drwxr-xr-x	2025-07-28 08:07:18
warnings	DIR	-	drwxr-xr-x	2025-07-29 10:57:25
AnyDBM_File.pm	text/plain	2.56 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-07-28 08:07:09
AutoLoader.pm	text/plain	15.43 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-07-28 08:07:09
AutoSplit.pm	text/plain	19.18 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-07-28 08:07:09
Benchmark.pm	text/plain	30.3 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-07-28 08:07:09
CORE.pod	text/plain	3.11 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-07-28 08:07:09
DB.pm	text/plain	18.48 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-07-28 08:07:09
DBM_Filter.pm	text/plain	14.05 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-07-28 08:07:09
DirHandle.pm	text/plain	1.52 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-07-28 08:07:09
Dumpvalue.pm	text/plain	17.14 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-07-28 08:07:09
English.pm	text/plain	4.65 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-07-28 08:07:09
FileCache.pm	text/plain	5.44 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-07-28 08:07:09
FileHandle.pm	text/plain	6.63 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-07-28 08:07:09
FindBin.pm	text/plain	4.45 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-07-28 08:07:09
Internals.pod	text/plain	2.52 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-07-28 08:07:09
Memoize.pm	text/plain	35.34 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-07-28 08:08:32
NEXT.pm	text/plain	18.4 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-07-28 08:07:09
PerlIO.pm	text/plain	10.21 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-07-28 08:07:09
Safe.pm	text/plain	24.49 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-07-28 08:07:09
SelectSaver.pm	text/plain	1.05 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-07-28 08:07:09
SelfLoader.pm	text/plain	17.28 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-07-28 08:08:32
Symbol.pm	text/plain	4.69 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-07-28 08:07:09
Test.pm	text/plain	29.35 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-07-28 08:08:32
Thread.pm	text/plain	8.09 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-07-28 08:07:09
UNIVERSAL.pm	text/plain	6.44 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-07-28 08:07:09
URI.pm	text/plain	33.97 KB	-rw-r--r--	2018-01-09 06:42:55
XSLoader.pm	text/plain	11 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-07-28 08:07:09
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autouse.pm	text/plain	4.14 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-07-28 08:07:09
base.pm	text/plain	10.72 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-07-28 08:07:09
blib.pm	text/plain	2.04 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-07-28 08:07:09
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deprecate.pm	text/plain	3.01 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-07-28 08:07:09
diagnostics.pm	text/plain	18.59 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-07-28 08:07:09
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integer.pm	text/plain	3.18 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-07-28 08:07:09
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locale.pm	text/plain	4.74 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-07-28 08:07:09
meta_notation.pm	text/plain	2.07 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-07-28 08:07:09
open.pm	text/plain	7.83 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-07-28 08:08:32
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subs.pm	text/plain	848 B	-rw-r--r--	2025-07-28 08:07:09
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warnings.pm	text/plain	43.71 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-07-28 08:07:09

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